Lymphohistiocytose hémophagocytaire et autres chocs cytokiniques chez l’adulte
Résumé
La lymphohistiocytose hémophagocytaire (LHH) est un syndrome mortel rare d’activation immunitaire pathologique entraînant une production excessive de cellules immunitaires activées, de cytokines inflammatoires et une défaillance multiviscérale. La LHH se divise en deux grands types, soit la LHH primaire, qui est liée des anomalies génétiques de la cytotoxicité, soit la LHH secondaire, un groupe hétérogène de troubles présentant des caractéristiques cliniques et biologiques similaires à la LHH primaire, mais caractérisé par une hyperinflammation plutôt qu’une cytotoxicité défectueuse. La LHH primaire survient presque exclusivement chez les enfants. La plupart des cas de LHH chez l’adulte sont secondaires et émergent d’une condition sous-jacente comme une thérapie immunomodulatrice, une infection, une tumeur maligne, de maladies auto-immunes/auto-inflammatoires ou d’une immunodéficience.
La LHH relève du phénomène du choc cytokinique (aussi appelé syndrome de tempête de cytokines). En 2020, la pandémie de la maladie à coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) a considérablement amplifié l’intérêt clinique et la recherche sur le choc cytokinique, et plus particulièrement, sur le concept de réponse immunitaire inadaptée à l’infection. Au début, le choc cytokinique identifié lors de la COVID-19 a été comparé à la LHH. Cependant, la LHH est principalement induite par l’axe interféron-γ (IFN-γ) - ligand 9 de la chimiokine (CXCL-9), entraînant une profonde activation des lymphocytes T et des macrophages. Elle se caractérise par un taux très élevé de ferritine et de CD25 solubles (sCD25, synonyme à la chaîne alpha du récepteur soluble de l’interleukine [IL]-2), souvent avec une élévation modérée de la protéine C réactive (PCR). En revanche, le choc cytokinique lié à la COVID-19 se caractérise par des réponses défectueuses des interférons de type I/type III, entraînent une signalisation excessive de l’IL-6 et un taux de PCR très élevé, qui peuvent être améliorés par l’inhibition de l’IL-6.
L’intérêt accru pour le choc cytokinique, stimulé par la COVID-19, a coïncidé avec des avancées récentes significatives dans notre compréhension d’autres chocs cytokiniques, tels que le syndrome TAFRO (thrombocytopénie, anasarque, la fibrose réticulinique, insuffisance rénale, organomégalie), généralement associé à la maladie de Castleman multicentrique idiopathique (MCMi-TAFRO) et à la maladie de Still grave ou catastrophique. Cette étude fournira des conseils pratiques aux cliniciens pour diagnostiquer la LHH chez l’adulte, en le différenciant du syndrome TAFRO et de la maladie de Still. Plus précisément, dans la section 3 et au tableau 2, nous proposons une approche heuristique (stratégie de résolution de problèmes ou raccourci) pour diminuer la charge cognitive face à un patient gravement malade présentant un choc cytokinique évolutif, en mettant l’accent sur des marqueurs inflammatoires simples et facilement disponibles (PCR, ferritine, sCD25). Cette approche heuristique pourra aider les cliniciens à prendre des décisions diagnostiques et thérapeutiques en temps réel.
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